How is drug dependence characterized?

Drug dependence is characterized primarily by impaired physical health or disrupted functioning. This condition reflects the significant impact that substance use has on an individual’s overall health and daily life. When a person is dependent on drugs, they often experience a range of physical and psychological health issues, including but not limited to increased tolerance, withdrawal symptoms when not using the substance, and a continued use of the drug despite harmful consequences. This dependence can disrupt personal relationships, occupational performance, and social activities, as the individual may prioritize drug use over other significant areas of their life.

The other choices touch on different aspects of substance use and addiction but do not accurately depict the essence of drug dependence. For instance, the ability to control drug use is often diminished in individuals with dependence, which is contrary to the premise of that option. Additionally, seeing drug dependence as a temporary condition overlooks the chronic nature of addiction, which typically requires ongoing management. Non-physical forms of addiction, while valid in discussions of addiction as a whole, do not encompass the complete physical and psychological picture of dependence. Hence, the characterization of drug dependence focuses on the significant impairment it causes in a person's health and functioning.