What is a 'tribal court'?

A 'tribal court' is specifically designed to have jurisdiction over Indian child custody proceedings, reflecting the unique legal status of Native American tribes. These courts operate within the framework established by tribal laws, which can differ significantly from state laws. The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) recognizes tribal court authority in these matters, acknowledging the importance of tribal sovereignty and the cultural significance of family and child placement within Native American communities.

While it is true that tribal courts address various types of cases affecting Native Americans, their jurisdiction is not exclusively focused on all types of cases. Instead, their authority is particularly relevant in areas that intersect with federal legislation, such as child custody proceedings, which aim to preserve the connection of Native American children with their tribes. Other choices may suggest that tribal courts handle a broader range of issues or operate under state law, which does not align with their purpose and authority as delineated by tribal sovereignty.